Section: Scientific Foundations

Content-based Information Retrieval

Today’s technologies for searching information in scientific data mainly rely on relational DBMS or text based indexing methods. However, content-based information retrieval has progressed much in the last decade and is now considered as one of the most promising for future search engines. Rather than restricting search to the use of metadata, content-based methods attempt to index, search and browse digital objects by means of signatures describing their actual content. Such methods have been intensively studied in the multimedia community to allow searching the massive amount or raw multimedia documents created every day (e.g. 99% of web data are audio-visual content with very sparse metadata). Successful and scalable content-based methods have been proposed for searching objects in large image collections or detecting copies in huge video archives. Besides multimedia contents, content-based information retrieval methods recently started to be studied on more diverse data such as medical images, 3D models or even molecular data. Potential applications in scientific data management are numerous. First of all, to allow searching the huge collections of scientific images (earth observation, medical images, botanical images, biology images, etc.) but also to browse large datasets of experimental data (e.g. multisensor data, molecular data or instrumental data). Despite recent progress, scalability remains a major issue, involving complex algorithms (such as similarity search, clustering or supervised retrieval), in high dimensional spaces (up to millions of dimensions) with complex metrics (Lp, Kernels, sets intersections, edit distances, etc.). Most of these algorithms have linear, quadratic or even cubic complexities so that their use at large scale is not affordable without consistent breakthrough. In Zenith, we plan to investigate the following challenges:

• High-dimensional similarity search. Whereas many indexing methods were designed in the last 20 years to retrieve efficiently multidimensional data with relatively small dimensions, high-dimensional data have been more challenging due to the well-known dimensionality curse. Only recently have some methods appeared that allow approximate Nearest Neighbors queries in sub-linear time, in particular, Locality Sensitive Hashing methods which offer new theoretical insights in high-dimensional Euclidean spaces and proved the interest of random projections. But there are still some challenging issues that need to be solved including efficient similarity search in any kernel or metric spaces, efficient construction of knn-graphs or relational similarity queries.

• Large-scale supervised retrieval. Supervised retrieval aims at retrieving relevant objects in a dataset by providing some positive and/or negative training samples. To solve such task, there has been a focused interest on using Support Vector Machines (SVM) that offer the possibility to construct generalized, non-linear predictors in high-dimensional spaces using small training sets. The prediction time complexity of these methods is usually linear in dataset size. Allowing hyperplane similarity queries in sub-linear time is for example a challenging research issue. A symmetric problem in supervised retrieval consists in retrieving the most relevant object categories that might contain a given query object, providing huge labeled datasets (up to millions of classes and billions of objects) and very few objects per category (from 1 to 100 objects). SVM methods that are formulated as quadratic programming with cubic training time complexity and quadratic space complexity are clearly not usable. Promising solutions to such problems include hybrid supervised-unsupervised methods and supervised hashing methods.

• P2P content-based retrieval. Content-based P2P retrieval methods appeared recently as a promising solution to manage masses of data distributed over large social networks, particularly when the data cannot be centralized for privacy or cost reasons (which is often the case in scientific social networks, e.g. botanist social networks). However, current methods are limited to very simple similarity search paradigms. In Zenith, we will consider more advanced P2P content-based retrieval and mining methods such as k-nn graphs construction, large-scale supervised retrieval or multi-source clustering.